Heat Transfer Conditions in Hydrogen-Fired Rotary Kilns for Iron Ore

This work analyzes the heat transfer conditions in a rotary kiln used for the heat treatment of iron ore pellets in the grate-kiln process. The analysis concerns conditions relevant to fuel switching from coal to hydrogen gas. A modeling assessment of the radiative heat transfer in the kiln is conducted including the pellet bed and inner kiln wall temperature conditions. The results …

The Aerodynamics of an Iron Ore Pelletizing …

The heat transfer in an iron ore rotary kiln, both with and without a bed of pellets present, was modeled in full-scale and three dimensions by Gunnarsson et al. [41,42] using a discrete ordinates method. The results …

Selective Reduction of Laterite Nickel Ore

nickel ore resources from sulphide ore becomes rare which makes nickel laterite ore as the future of nickel extraction. Unlike sulphide nickel ore ... 2.1 Limonitic nickel ore Limonitic nickel ore contains iron oxide in the form of goethite (¡-FeO·OH). The limonitic nickel ore is also ... In Rotary Kiln, nickel ore was calcined at 1000°C and

DEVELOPMENT OF LATERITE ORE PROCESSING AND ITS …

The sulfide is a nickel ore that has high nickel content ... The rotary kiln-electric furnace method is the optimal ... cobalt and iron than that of limonite ore. These

Material and energy flows in rotary kiln-electric furnace smelting …

The rotary kiln-electric furnace process is the one of the most widely adopted technological process for ferronickel smelting production. A schematic of the RKEF process with rotary dryer, rotary kiln and electric furnace is shown in Fig. 1. ... sulfide, copper(II), cobalt(II)/(III) and iron oxides on the ammoniacal carbonate leaching of nickel ...

Nickel industry

The industry is now dominated by the Rotary Kiln Electric Furnace approach (RKEF). Blast furnaces are now used less frequently. The RKEF route consists of three main steps: dry, reduce, and smelt. Saprolite ore is the normal feed, but limonite ores can also be smelted. Most facilities follow the process outlined below, but there are exceptions.

kiln efficiencies

kilns, significant fuel savings, production increases, quality improvements and major NOx emission reductions have been reported. The technology has now been successfully deployed …

The effect of sulfur content of rotary kiln fuel on the …

Calcination of the ore is performed in the rotary kiln at 800–1000 °C using different types of fuel, such as coal, oil, and natural gas [4]. ... Considering the thermodynamic evaluations combined with XRD and SEM-EDS analysis, iron sulfide was found to be the main sulfur bearing compound in the calcine.

Carbothermic Reduction of Nickeliferous Laterite Ores for …

Both the consumption and production of crude stainless steel in China rank first in the world. In 2011, the nickel production in China amounted to 446 kilotons, with the proportion of electrolytic nickel and nickel pig iron (NPI) registering 41.5% and 56.5%, respectively. NPI is a low-cost feedstock for stainless steel production when used as a substitute for electrolytic …

Insight of Reduction Roasting of a Low-Grade Goethitic …

Indian iron ores found in the literature are limited to static bed experiments only. Therefore, the present article intends to explore the detailed reduction roasting investigations of an Indian low-grade goethite ore in a bench-scale rotary kiln. 2 Experimental 2.1 Rw a Materials The iron ore sample used in this study was collected from

Extraction of Lead and Zinc from a Rotary Kiln Oxidizing …

Extraction of Lead and Zinc from a Rotary Kiln Oxidizing Roasting Cinder Junhui Xiao 1,2,3,*, Kai Zou 1,3, Wei Ding 1,3, ... The separation of lead and zinc from the lead-zinc sulfide ore is difficult using just flotation, due to the close association of lead with zinc. With the development of the market, the price ...

Iron Ore Roasting Rotary Kiln for Sale

Savona Equipment is your supplier for new, used, and rebuilt ore roasting rotary kiln. There are two basic types of rotary kilns; direct fired and indirect fired. Rotary Kilns are a pyroprocessing device used to raise materials to a high temperature (calcination) in a continuous process. …

Preparation of Ferronickel from Nickel Laterite Ore via …

With continuous consumption of high-grade sulfide resources, the use of nickel laterite has drawn increasingly attention [6,7,8]. Up to now, the pyrometallurgical method, namely the rotary kiln-electric furnace (RKEF) process, has been applied to produce ferronickel from nickel laterite ore [9, 10].

Roasting

In oxidation roasting, the sulfide ore is first decomposed into low-valence sulfide and sulfur, and then the oxide is formed. The oxidation roasting of some sulfide ores is exothermic. Oxidation roasting equipment includes a rotary kiln, a multichamber baking furnace, and fluidized baking furnace (see fluidized roasting).

ENERGY-EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR DIRECT …

3.0 Energy-efficient Technologies in Direct Reduction of Iron Process 17 3.1 Waste Heat Recovery for Power Generation 18 3.2 Iron Ore Preheating Rotary Kiln Using Waste Heat Recovery System 20 3.3 Coal Gasification for Partial Substitution in Rotary Kiln 22 3.4 Waste Heat Recovery-based Absorption Chiller 23

(PDF) History of the rotary kiln | Fathi Habashi

THE ROTARY KILN IN THE METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY About 1900, various metallurgists were experimenting with the rotary kiln for nodulizing flue-dust, fine iron ores, etc. Edison conducted experiments, for example, on the fine concentrates obtained from his magnetic separators. Within a few years plants were established for this purpose.

The effect of sulfur content of rotary kiln fuel on …

Rotary kiln-electric furnace (RK-EF) process is the main pyrometallurgical route for ferronickel production from nickel laterite ores. Coal is used as a common fuel for calcination of nickel...

The Effect of Sulfur in Rotary Kiln Fuels on Nickel Laterite

It is essentially a two-step process where the ore is first calcined in a rotary kiln and then smelted in an electric furnace. The product of the RKEF process is crude ... Table 4.3 Standard Gibbs free energies of the reactions between species containing iron/nickel in the laterite ore and CO-SO 2 ... Figure 2.7 PT Inco sulfide-matte smelting ...

(PDF) Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some

Therefore, the use of the rotary kiln–electric arc furnace (RKEF) process appeared in the introduction of the strategic Udy smelting process, proposed by M.J. Udy and M.C. Udy in 1959, for the treatment of lateritic ores containing nickel and chromium in order to obtain the products of refined steel, chromium iron, and ferro-nickel [2].

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

The depletion of nickel sulfide ores and their chal- ... higher FeNi grades and suit saprolitic ores better [5–8]. The Rotary Kiln Electric Furnace (RKEF) process is a widely recognized ...

Direct Reduced Iron and its Production Processes – …

In the rotary kiln, both coal and the iron ore feed material is charged from the same end of the kiln. During the movement of feed material forward the oxidation reaction of carbon in coal and reduction reaction of CO gas is carefully balanced. A temperature profile ranging from 800 deg C to 1050 deg C is maintained along the length of the kiln ...

The Deposit Formation Mechanism in Coal-Fired Rotary Kiln for Iron Ore

The deposit-forming problem is one of the main bottlenecks restricting the yield and production benefit of iron ore pellets produced by coal-fired rotary kilns. In order to implement measures to ensure the efficient production of pellets by coal-fired rotary kilns, the mechanism and influencing factors on the deposit formation were reviewed. The pellet powder and coal …

Separation and Recovery of Iron and Nickel from Low-Grade …

The low-grade nickel laterite ore used in this study was successfully upgraded through selective reduction by industrialized rotary kilns followed by magnetic separation. The results indicated that both iron metallization extent and nickel metallization extent showed obvious linear correlation. In addition, rational roasting temperature and prolonged grinding time could …

Extraction of Lead and Zinc from a Rotary Kiln …

In this study, sulfuric acid leaching and gravity shaking-table separation by shaking a table are used to extract lead and zinc from a Pb-Zn oxidizing roasting cinder. The oxidizing roasting cinder—containing 16.9% Pb, …

Heat Transfer Conditions in Hydrogen-Fired …

This work analyzes the heat transfer conditions in a rotary kiln used for the heat treatment of iron ore pellets in the grate-kiln process. The analysis concerns conditions relevant to fuel switching from coal to hydrogen gas.

Development of a Low-Temperature Bloomery Process for Nickel …

The bloomery process in rotary kilns is used for reducing roasting of high-magnesia saprolite ores at relatively low temperatures (1200–1225°C). ... content in the metallic phase is 12.2–13.6% in the reduced Indonesia ore and is about 6% in the reduced lean Buruktal ore. The sulfide phase mainly consists of iron sulfide, and the nickel ...

Magnetization roasting process of iron ores in the …

Dephosphorization is essential for utilizing high-phosphorus iron ore (HPIO), and this work prepared reduced iron powder via reductive roasting in a semi-industrial rotary kiln follower...

Gold Ore Roasting Techniques

The roasting of straight pyritic ores involves the conversion of the iron sulphides to the oxide under oxidizing conditions with the evolution of sulphur dioxide and, to some extent by catalytic action, sulphur xide gas also.

China Rotary Kiln Manufacturers Suppliers Factory

Materials produced using rotary kilns include:Cement,Lime,Refractories,Metakaolin,Titanium dioxide,Alumina,Vermiculite,Iron ore pellets.They are also used for roasting a wide variety of sulfide ores prior to metal extraction.

The Effect of Sulfur in Rotary Kiln Fuels on Nickel Laterite

Minerals calcination and roasting

There are many kinds of kilns that are used for minerals calcination. Rotary and shaft kilns are common equipment for this purpose. Roasting processes are used for producing oxide minerals from sulfide minerals like: lead, zinc and copper …

Nickel Metallurgy

The former contains more iron (Fe), less magnesium (Mg), about 1% of nickel, and a certain amount of cobalt, which is suitable for hydrometallurgy, such as high-pressured acid leaching. The latter has more magnesium, less iron, about 2% nickel, and low cobalt content, which is suitable for pyrometallurgy, such as rotary kiln-ore furnace.

Nickel Laterite Metallurgy

The briquetted ore is dried in a rotary kiln and reduced at high temperature, and nickel and part of iron are reduced to sponge-like ferronickel. After reduction material's water quenching, crushing, and grinding, the ferronickel particles of 1–20 mm are separated by magnetic separation or gravity separation.

Research progress and prospect of fluidized bed metallic ore …

A large amount of heat is released when metal sulfide ores are roasted. Currently, waste heat boilers are used in the plant to utilize the heat, but some of the heat is still wasted. ... Insight of reduction roasting of a low-grade goethitic indian iron ore in a rotary kiln: Process optimization and characterization. Trans Indian Inst Met, 77 ...

The Aerodynamics of an Iron Ore Pelletizing …

The heat transfer in an iron ore rotary kiln, both with and without a bed of pellets. present, was modeled in full-scale and three dimensions by Gunnarsson et al. [41, 42] using.